Utah Moms for Clean Air

SAN DIEGO, May 18 (UPI) — Inhalation of some particulates can cause some genes to become reprogrammed, affecting the development and outcome of cancers, Italian researchers said. Dr. Andrea Baccarelli of the University of Milan enrolled 63 healthy subjects who worked in a foundry near Milan. Blood DNA samples were collected on the morning of the first day of the work week, and again after three days of work. Comparing these samples revealed that significant changes had occurred in four genes associated with tumor suppression.

“The changes were detectable after only three days of exposure to particulate matter, indicating that environmental factors need little time to cause gene reprogramming which is potentially associated with disease outcomes,” Baccarelli said said in a statement.

“As several of the effects of particulate matter in foundries are similar to those found after exposure to ambient air pollution, our results open new hypotheses about how air pollutants modify human health. The changes in DNA methylation we observed are reversible and some of them are currently being used as targets of cancer drugs.”

The findings were presented at the 105th International Conference of the American Thoracic Society in San Diego.

© 2009 United Press International, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

ScienceDaily (Apr. 30, 2009) — The 10th annual American Lung Association State of the Air report released April 29 finds that six out of ten Americans–186.1 million people — live in areas where air pollution levels endanger lives.

State of the Air 2009 acknowledges substantial progress against air pollution in many areas of the country, but finds nearly every major city still burdened by air pollution. Despite America’s growing “green” movement, the air in many cities became dirtier. The State of the Air report includes a national air quality “report card” that assigns A-F grades to communities across the country. The report also ranks cities and counties most affected by the three most widespread types of pollution (ozone—or smog, annual particle pollution, and 24-hour particle pollution levels) and details trends for 900 counties over the past decade.

This should be a wake-up call. We know that air pollution is a major threat to human health,” said Stephen J. Nolan, American Lung Association National Board Chair. “When 60 percent of Americans are left breathing air dirty enough to send people to the emergency room, to shape how kids’ lungs develop, and to kill, air pollution remains a serious problem.”

“We need to renew our commitment to providing healthy air for all our citizens—a commitment the United States made almost 40 years ago when Congress passed the Clean Air Act,” Connor said. “After four decades, we still have much work to do. America needs to cut emissions from big polluters like coal-fired power plants and ocean-going vessels. We need to fix old dirty diesel engines to make them cleaner and strengthen the ozone standards to better protect our health. We also need to improve the decaying infrastructure of air monitors. America must now enforce the laws that help us improve our nation’s air quality.”

As America faces the challenges of air pollution, global warming and energy, the American Lung Association urges Congress, the EPA and individuals to choose solutions that help solve all three challenges together. Some steps that sound like good solutions for one problem can make air pollution worse.

Americans can make personal changes to improve air quality immediately and ultimately impact climate change as well: drive less; don’t burn wood or trash; use less electricity; and make sure local school systems require clean school buses.

Cleanest Cities In USA

Cleanest U.S. Cities for Short-term Particle Pollution (24 Hour PM2.5)
*Cities below had equal scores.
Alexandria, La.
Amarillo, Texas
Austin-Round Rock, Texas
Bismarck, N.D.
Brownsville-Harlingen-Raymondville, Texas
Cheyenne, Wyo.
Colorado Springs, Colo.
Corpus Christi-Kingsville, Texas
Fargo-Wahpeton, N.D.-Minn.
Farmington, N.M.
Fort Collins-Loveland, Colo.
Grand Junction, Colo.
Longview-Marshall, Texas
Midland-Odessa, Texas
Oklahoma City-Shawnee, Okla.
Portland-Lewiston-South Portland, Maine
Pueblo, Colo.
Redding, Calif.
Salinas, Calif.
San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, Calif.
Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta, Calif.
Santa Fe-Espanola, N.M.
Sioux Falls, S.D.
Tucson, Ariz.

10 Cleanest U.S. Cities for Long-term Particle Pollution (Annual PM2.5)
*Cities listed in rank order. Duplicate position numbers indicate ties.
1. Cheyenne, Wyo.
2. Santa Fe-Espanola, N.M.
3. Honolulu, Hawaii
4. Great Falls, Mont.
5. Flagstaff, Ariz.
6. Farmington, N.M.
7. Anchorage, Alaska
8. Tucson, Ariz.
9. Bismarck, N.D.
9. Salinas, Calif.

Cleanest U.S. Cities for Ozone Air Pollution
*Cities below had equal scores.
Billings, Mont.
Carson City, Nev.
Coeur D’Alene, Idaho
Fargo-Wahpeton, N.D.-Minn.
Honolulu, Hawaii
Laredo, Texas
Lincoln, Neb.
Port St. Lucie-Sebastian-Vero Beach, Fla.
Sioux Falls, S.D.

Most Polluted Cities in USA

10 U.S. Cities Most Polluted by Short-term Particle Pollution (24 Hour PM2.5)
*Cities listed in rank order. Duplicate position numbers indicate ties.
1. Pittsburgh-New Castle, Pa.
2. Fresno-Madera, Calif.
3. Bakersfield, Calif.
4. Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, Calif.
5. Birmingham-Hoover-Cullman, Ala.
6. Salt Lake City-Ogden-Clearfield, Utah
7. Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Yuba City, Calif.-Nev.
8. Logan, Utah
9. Chicago-Naperville-Michigan City, Ill.-Ind.-Wis.
9. Detroit-Warren-Flint, Mich.

U.S. Cities Most Polluted by Year-Round Particle Pollution (Annual PM2.5)
*Cities listed in rank order.
1. Bakersfield, Calif.
2. Pittsburgh-New Castle, Pa.
3. Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, Calif.
4. Visalia-Porterville, Calif.
5. Birmingham-Hoover-Cullman, Ala.
6. Hanford-Corcoran, Calif.
7. Fresno-Madera, Calif.
8. Cincinnati-Middletown-Wilmington, Ohio-Ky.-Ind.
9. Detroit-Warren-Flint, Mich.
10. Cleveland-Akron-Elyria, Ohio

U.S. Cities Most Polluted by Ozone
*Cities listed in rank order.
1. Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, Calif.
2. Bakersfield, Calif.
3. Visalia-Porterville, Calif.
4. Fresno-Madera, Calif.
5. Houston-Baytown-Huntsville, Texas
6. Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Yuba City, Calif.-Nev.
7. Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas
8. Charlotte-Gastonia-Salisbury, N.C.-S.C.
9. Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, Ariz.
10. El Centro, Calif.

*This was an abridged version of the article posted on ScienceDaily for the full article see: sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/

The full State of the Air report can be found at www.stateoftheair.org.

By Humphrey Hawksley
BBC News correspondent
April 12, 09
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7946838.stm

It has taken a quarter of a century, but US researchers say their work has finally enabled them to determine to what extent city air pollution impacts on average life expectancy. The project tracked the change of air quality in 51 American cities since the 1980s. During that time general life expectancy increased by more than two and half years, much due to improved lifestyles, diet and healthcare. But the researchers calculated more than 15% of that extra time was due to cleaner air. “We think about five months of that is due to the improvement of air quality,” said Dr Douglas Dockery, head of the Environmental Health Department at Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, which undertook the research. He added that, due to the relatively clean air in the US, the impact was far larger than anticipated.

Dr Dockery said there were many factors which had an impact on life expectancy. But he added: “Clean or dirty air is something that is being imposed on you. “You do have a choice on whether you smoke, drink, exercise or what type of food you eat. But you do not have a choice on what air you breathe.” Dr Dockery believes that if his research was transposed onto the heavily polluted cities of the developing world, such as Beijing or Mexico City, the life expectancy impact would be far greater. “We would be talking about several years,” he said. “We looked at fine particles that penetrate deep in the lungs, those that are not caught in the nose and the mouth, and directly damage the blood vessels. Most of those come from combustion, from automobiles, diesel trucks and buses and power plants.”

Dr Dockery hopes his findings will encourage governments to work towards making air even cleaner over the next 25 years. Even in Boston, which has comparatively clean city air, pollution levels change suddenly from being safe to highly dangerous. Bruce Hill, a scientist with the Clean Air Task Force, measured two sets of pollution levels. One was on a bridge over a highway with only cars and the other over a highway with diesel-powered trucks. “Just now that truck passed and the levels spiked up to five times higher than they were in the rest of the city,” said Hill. “Now, see, it’s gone 25 times higher.” From there he went down onto the underground platform of a commuter train station. “This is bad,” he said. “The monitors can’t go any higher, meaning the level here could be a hundred time higher than the cleaner air outside. “Some people commute for five per cent of the day, which is the amount of time they’re being exposed to these particles.”

Hill describes the damage caused by regularly breathing such air as like living with someone who smokes. In the long term, he argued, it can cause cancer and cardio-vascular problems. In the short term, it can create asthma attacks and allergies. Cait Maas, who already has a respiratory problem, lives in an apartment that looks out on a shipping terminal, an oil depot and a multi-lane highway. A main road near her home is a key route for diesel trucks. “On a bad day, I can taste the particles. I feel them constricting my airways and I have to cover my mouth so that I can breathe.”

Over the next generation, however, it’s expected that pollution, especially that created by dangerous diesel particles, will be cut dramatically. Standard filters are now being fitted to buses. Bio-fuels and cleaner energy in general, brought about by climate change pressures, will make the air safer.

Newswise - Air pollution caused by traffic near the home affects asthma severity in children, resulting in repeated hospital encounters according to a study published this month in Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, the scientific journal of the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI).

Ralph J. Delfino, M.D., Ph.D., from the University of California, Irvine, and colleagues, studied records for 2,768 children from two hospitals in northern Orange County, Calif. Beginning with the first hospital encounter, investigators analyzed children’s estimated exposures at their home addresses to the traffic-related air pollutants nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO). They estimated the risk of recurrent hospital encounters from exposure to air pollution using recurrent proportional hazards analysis, adjusting for sex, age, health insurance, census-derived poverty, race/ethnicity, residence distance to hospital, and season.

Previous studies have demonstrated that high home or school traffic density is associated with prevalence of diagnosed asthma, but the impact of exposure to traffic on repeated episodes of asthma requiring hospital care is unclear, they report.

“Traffic-related NOx and CO were associated with repeated hospital encounters for asthma in children, suggesting that local traffic-generated air pollution near the home affects asthma symptom severity,” the researchers write.

Approximately half of the repeated encounters in this study population occurred between ages 1 and 3 years. Based on their significant findings in infants with a primary diagnosis of asthma at their first hospital encounter, the authors suggest that early-life exposures to traffic pollutants may affect asthma severity and development.

Investigators did not find that children of lower socioeconomic status were at increased risk from air pollution exposures. They found evidence that this unexpected result was probably due to follow-up data that was less accurate in this group.

“Prospective environmental data are sparse for high-risk populations who present to the hospital with asthma exacerbations. Additional work with improved assessments of air pollutant exposures and asthma outcomes in such high-risk populations is likely to be fruitful given the present results,” conclude Dr. Delfino and his colleagues.

The American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) is a professional medical organization headquartered in Arlington Heights, Ill., that promotes excellence in the practice of the subspecialty of allergy and immunology. The College, comprising more than 5,000 allergists-immunologists and related health care professionals, fosters a culture of collaboration and congeniality in which its members work together and with others toward the common goals of patient care, education, advocacy and research.

Citation: Delfino RJ, et al. Repeated hospital encounters for asthma in children and exposure to traffic-related air pollution near the home. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2009;102:138-144.

http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/549200/?sc=rsmn

Utah’s very own Dr. Arden Pope of Brigham Young University recently published a study showing that Americans have cleaner air to thank for a 5 month increase in life-span compared to 30 years ago.

As reported by the BYU press release:
“Such a significant increase in life expectancy attributable to reducing air pollution is remarkable,” said C. Arden Pope III, a BYU epidemiologist and lead author on the study in the Jan. 22 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine. “We find that we’re getting a substantial return on our investments in improving our air quality. Not only are we getting cleaner air that improves our environment, but it is improving our public health.”

You can see the full report and links to other news coverage of the study here.

For Utah Moms for Clean Air, this is good news. It means all the effort we are putting into cleaning up our air really will pay off. So keep up the good work so we can all enjoy more time on this earth breathing a little easier!

The Salt Lake Tribune and the Deseret News both reported today, November 10, 2008, that Utah’s bad air wreaks havoc on those along the Wasatch Front with ailing hearts.   The results of study by, among others, BYU’s own Dr. Arden Pope, are not a surprise, but it is always good to have more evidence of our concerns.

See the Deseret News’ Story “Does Pollution Raise Heart Risks?” By Lois Collins HERE.

“Utah’s bad air tough on weak hearts
By Heather May
The Salt Lake Tribune

Add this to the pile of evidence that shows the Wasatch Front’s dirty winter air should send you packing for mountain air: Moderate increases in pollution send more heart-failure patients to the hospital.

A study published Nov. 1 in the American Journal of Cardiology shows Utah’s air pollution leads to a 13 percent increase in hospitalizations, likely because the microscopic soot and dust released by automobiles and industry prevents the heart from maintaining adequate circulation.
“That ought to be a concern to anybody with heart failure. It also should be of concern to all of us,” said C. Arden Pope, a study author whose prior work has linked pollution increases to lung illnesses and increases in heart attacks. Heart failure occurs when the heart can’t pump enough blood, and can be caused by heart attacks.

Still, the environmental epidemiologist at Brigham Young University, who wrote this month’s article with researchers and doctors at Intermountain Healthcare, said he’s optimistic about the findings.

With heart disease being the leading cause of death in Utah, “anytime you can find a risk factor that’s controllable, it’s sort of good news,” Pope said. “The bad news is that we do have episodes where our air quality is quite poor. . . . We have made some success. It’s not clean enough.”
John Nemelka knows. The 56-year-old heart-failure patient takes about 40 pills a day for his weak and damaged heart muscle and an inherited disorder that puts him at risk for sudden death. He estimates he stayed indoors five to seven times last winter during inversions.

“When I start gasping for air, that’s when I turn around and go back in the house,” said the West Jordan man, who has a pacemaker and is awaiting a heart transplant. “When it [the heart] just doesn’t work properly, the least little bit of inversion and problems in breathing all affect your heart.”  Dale Renlund, medical director of the heart-failure program at Intermountain Medical Center and co-author of the study, said he is now telling heart-failure patients to stay indoors during “yellow” and “red” air-quality days.

“What’s been surprising is that many of them have already known this, that when the air pollution is bad they don’t feel quite as well,” Renlund said. “They will say, ‘You didn’t need a study to tell me that.’ ”

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Preliminary results of a Utah study seem to indicate that infertility could be related to air pollution.

Ahmad Hammoud, a fellow at the University of Utah’s division of reproductive endocrinology and infertility, recently analyzed Salt Lake City air quality data and linked it to sperm quality data collected at the U.’s infertility clinic.

His preliminary results showed that as fine-particle pollution increased - the peaks are in December, January and February - the ability of sperm to wriggle and swim slightly dropped a month or two later. The delay is because it takes sperm between two to three months to mature.

Air pollution is just one potential factor in infertility, and more study is needed. Hammoud plans more research on effects of fine particle pollution, carbon monoxide, and ozone on sperm.

Read more:

• Heather May, “Are poor sperm quality and air pollution linked? Preliminary research by a Utah infertility doctor seems to suggest they might be,” Salt Lake Tribune, September 25, 2008.

A Dose of Defense?
Omega-3 Supplements Appear Protective against PM Effects
http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2008/116-9/ss.html#meta

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, believed to lessen the risk of many chronic ailments including arthritis, cancer, heart disease, and memory loss, may also help protect the heart against certain damaging effects of air pollution. In a new study by an international team of researchers, supplementation with omega-3s was associated with significantly reduced cardiac stress caused by particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) in a group of elderly individuals in Mexico City [EHP116:1237-1242; Romieu et al.]. The study is the first to examine the effects of omega-3s on biomarkers of cellular response to the oxidative stress of air pollution.

Exposure to high levels of particulates from vehicle exhaust and industrial emissions raises the risk of hypertension, heart arrhythmia, heart attack, and stroke, with the elderly being particularly susceptible. Some of the authors had previously shown both that PM2.5 promotes heart disease by diminishing heart-rate variability and that omega-3 supplementation could increase heart-rate variability. The current study was intended to find out how omega-3s achieve their effects.

The study population of 52 elderly nursing home residents was chronically exposed to high PM2.5 levels; particulate levels inside the nursing home, where residents spent nearly all their time, correlated with the smoggy surroundings outside. For four months starting in 2001, half the participants in the double-blind study received fish oil supplements at doses typical for over-the-counter supplement users; the other half received soy oil supplements.

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